Influence of external influences on the coefficient of linear thermal expansion of carbon fiber plastics

Part 1. Analysis of theoretical and experimental results (review)
Startsev V.O., Vardanyan A.M.
Startsev V.O., Vardanyan A.M. Influence of external influences on the coefficient of linear thermal expansion of carbon fiber plastics. Part 1. Analysis of theoretical and experimental results (review) // Proceedings of VIAM. 2023. No. 2. DOI: 10.18577/2307-6046-2023-0-2-147-168. URL: https://test.viam.ru/en/journal/2023/2/12
Keywords
carbon fiber, binders, carbon plastics, coefficient of linear thermal expansion, modulus of elasticity, strength, thermal cycles, moisture saturation, plasticization, post-curing, destruction, microcracks, aging
Abstract

The change in the set of deformation-strength parameters of carbon fiber reinforced plastics during aging under real operating conditions is accompanied by an irreversible change in their thermal expansion. In the first part of the work, the effect of temperature, thermal cycles, humidity, solar radiation, mechanical loads and other external factors on the coefficients of linear thermal expansion of reinforcing fillers, thermosetting polymers, unidirectional carbon fiber in the reinforcement direction, in the transverse direction and perpendicular to the reinforcement plane is considered.

Reference list
  1. Mukhametov R.R., Petrova A.P. Thermoreactive binders for polymer composite materials. Moscow: VIAM, 2021, 528 p.
  2. Irving P., Soutis C. Polymer composites in the aerospace industry. Polymer Composites in the Aerospace Industry. 2nd ed. Woodhead Publishing, 2019, 688 p.
  3. Kolobkov A.S. Polymer composite materials for various aircraft structures (review). Trudy VIAM, 2020, no. 6–7 (89), paper no. 05. Available at: http://www.viam-works.ru (accessed: September 28, 2022). DOI: 10.18577/2307-6046-2020-0-67-38-44.
  4. Gunyaeva A.G., Kurnosov A.O., Gulyaev I.N. High-temperature polymer composite ma-terials developed FSUE «VIAM» for aero-space engineering: past, present and future (review). Trudy VIAM, 2021, no. 1 (95), paper no. 05. Available at: http://www.viam-works.ru (accessed: September 28, 2022). DOI: 10.18577/2307-6046-2021-0-1-43-53.
  5. Ageing of composites. Ed. R. Martin. Cambridje: Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2008, 544 p.
  6. Aviation materials: a directory in 13 vols. Ed. E.N. Kablov. Moscow: VIAM, 2015, vol. 13: Climate and microbiological resistance of non-metallic materials, 270 p.
  7. Fahmy A.A., Cunningham T.G. Investigation of thermal fatigue in fiber composite materials. NASA CR-2641, 1976, 60 p.
  8. Startsev O.V., Vapirov Y.M., Deev I.S., Yartsev V.A., Krivonos V.V., Mitrofanova E.A., Chubarova M.A. Effect of prolonged atmospheric aging on the properties and structure of carbon plastic. Mechanics of Composite Materials, 1987, vol. 22, no. 4, pp. 444–449.
  9. Baker D.J. Ten-Year Ground Exposure of Composite Materials Used on the Bell Model 206L Helicopter Flight Service Program. Nasa Technical Paper 3468, 1994, 54 p.
  10. Startsev V.O., Slavin A.V. Carbon and glass reinforced polymer based on solvent-free binders resistance to the impact of a moderate cold and moderate warm climate. Trudy VIAM, 2021, no. 5 (99), paper no. 12. Available at: http://www.viam-works.ru (accessed: September 28, 2022). DOI: 10.18577/2307-6046-2021-0-5-114-126.
  11. Kablov E.N., Startsev V.O. Systematical analysis of the climatics influence on mechanical properties of the polymer composite materials based on domestic and foreign sources (review). Aviacionnye materialy i tehnologii, 2018, no. 2 (51), pp. 47–58. DOI: 10.18577/2071-9140-2018-0-2-47-58.
  12. Startsev O.V., Nikishin E.F. Aging of polymer composite materials exposed to the conditions in outer space. Mechanics of Composite Materials, 1994, no. 4, pp. 338–346.
  13. Startsev O.V., Krotov A.S., Golub P.D. Effect of climatic and radiation ageing on properties of VPS-7 glass fibre reinforced epoxy composite. Polymer Degradation and Stability, 1999, vol. 63, no. 3, pp. 353–358.
  14. Odegard G.M., Bandyopadhyay A. Physical aging of epoxy polymers and their composites. Journal of Polymer Science. Part B: Polymer Physics, 2011, vol. 49, no. 24, pp. 1695–1716.
  15. Nikolaev E.V., Barbotko S.L., Andreeva N.P., Pavlov M.R., Grashchenkov D.V. Comprehensive research of the influence of climatic and operational factors on new generation epoxy binding and polymeric composite materials on its basis Part 3. Calculation of activation energy and thermal resource of polymeric composite materials on the basis of epoxy matrix. Trudy VIAM, 2016, no. 5 (41), paper no. 11. Available at: http://www.viam-works.ru (accessed: September 28, 2022). DOI: 10.18577/2307-6046-2016-0-5-11-11.
  16. Park S.Y., Choi W.J., Choi C.H., Choi H.S. An experimental study into aging unidirectional carbon fiber epoxy composite under thermal cycling and moisture absorption. Composite Structures, 2019, vol. 207, pp. 81–92.
  17. Startsev O.V., Lebedev M.P., Blaznov A.N. The aging of polymer composite materials in a loaded state. Vse materialy. Entsiklopedicheskiy spravochnik, 2020, no. 10, pp. 7–18.
  18. Startsev O.V., Lebedev M.P., Blaznov A.N. The aging of polymer composite materials in a loaded state (ending). Vse materialy. Entsiklopedicheskiy spravochnik, 2020, no. 11, pp. 2–12.
  19. Startsev O.V., Suranov A.Ya., Startsev V.O. Automated linear dilatometer. Pribory i tekhnika eksperimenta, 2009, no. 3, pp. 166–167.
  20. Startsev O.V., Vapirov Y.M., Lebedev M.P., Kychkin A.K. Comparison of Glass-Transition Temperatures for Epoxy Polymers Obtained by Methods of Thermal Analysis. Mechanics of Composite Materials, 2020, vol. 56, no. 2, pp. 227–240.
  21. Johnson R.R., Kural M.H., Mackey G.B. Thermal expansion properties of composite materials. Report NASA-CR-165632, 1981, 60 p.
  22. Rogers K.F., Kingston-Lee D.M., Phillips L.N., Yates B., Chandra M., Parker S.F.H. The thermal expansion of carbon-fibre reinforced plastics. Journal of Materials Science, 1981, vol. 16, no. 10, pp. 2803–2818.
  23. Startsev O.V., Vapirov Y.M., Perepechko I.I., Kobets L.P. Effect of the concentration of a carbon filler on the molecular mobility and relaxational processes of an expoxide polymer. Polymer Science U.S.S.R., 1986, vol. 28, no. 9, pp. 2048–2055.
  24. Bowles D.E., Tompkins S.S. Prediction of Coefficients of Thermal Expansion for Unidirectional Composites. Journal of Composite Materials, 1989, vol. 23, no. 4, pp. 370–388.
  25. Bouadi H., Sun C.T. Hygrothermal Effects on the Stress Field of Laminated Composites. Journal of Reinforced Plastics and Composites, 1989, vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 40–54.
  26. Schapery R.A. Thermal Expansion Coefficients of Composite Materials Based on Energy Principles. Journal of Composite Materials, 1968, vol. 2, no. 3, pp. 380–404.
  27. Dong K., Zhang J., Cao M. et al. A mesoscale study of thermal expansion behaviors of epoxy resin and carbon fiber/epoxy unidirectional composites based on periodic temperature and displacement boundary conditions. Polymer Testing, 2016, vol. 55, pp. 44–60.
  28. Karadeniz Z.H., Kumlutas D. A numerical study on the coefficients of thermal expansion of fiber reinforced composite materials. Composite Structures, 2007, vol. 78, no. 1, pp. 1–10.
  29. Dong C. Development of a model for predicting the transverse coefficients of thermal expansion of unidirectional carbon fibre reinforced composites. Applied Composite Materials, 2008, vol. 15, no. 3, pp. 171–182.
  30. Startsev O.V., Khristoforov D.A., Klyushnichenko A.B., Rumyantsev A.F., Gunyaev G.M., Raskutin A.E. Relaxation of temperature deformations in carbon fibers. Doklady Physics, 2003, vol. 48, no. 6, pp. 303–305.
  31. Sorina T.G., Gunyaev G.M. Structural carbon-fibre-reinforced plastics and their properties. Polymer Matrix Composites. Chapman & Hall, 1995, pp. 132–198.
  32. Gulyaev I.N. Carbon tensure-resistant built-in sensory elements for monitoring highly loaded structures from carbon fiber. Zavodskaya laboratoriya. Diagnostika materialov, 2010, vol. 76, pp. 46–51..
  33. Carbon fiber and prepreg data sheets. Available at: https://www.toraycma.com/resources/data-sheets/ (accessed: September 28, 2022).
  34. Gowayed Y. Types of fiber and fiber arrangement in fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) composites. Developments in Fiber-Reinforced Polymer (FRP) Composites for Civil Engineering, 2013, pp. 3–17.
  35. Mashinskaya G.P., Perov B.V. Principles of developing organic-fibre-reinforced plastics for air-craft engineering. Polymer Matrix Composites. Soviet Advanced Composites Technology Series. Eds.: R.E. Shalin et al. Dordrecht: Springer, 1995, vol 4, рр. 305–425. DOI: 10.1007/978-94-011-0515-6_7.
  36. Gutnikov S.I., Lazoryak B.I., Seleznev A.N. Glass fibers. Moscow: МGU, 2010, 53 р.
  37. Sathishkumar T.P., Satheeshkumar S., Naveen J. Glass fiber-reinforced polymer composites – A review. Journal of Reinforced Plastics and Composites, 2014, vol. 33, no. 13, pp. 1258–1275.
  38. Startsev O.V., Litvinov A.A., Startsev V.O., Krotov A.S. Relaxation of the linear thermal expansion of basaltoplasty and their components. Vestnik Yugorskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta, 2009, no. 2, pp. 80–86.
  39. Kamarian S., Bodaghi M., Isfahani R.B., Shakeri M., Yas M.H. Influence of carbon nanotubes on thermal expansion coefficient and thermal buckling of polymer composite plates: experimental and numerical investigations. Mechanics Based Design of Structures and Machines, 2021, vol. 49, no. 2, pp. 217–232.
  40. Kulkarni R., Ochoa O. Transverse and longitudinal CTE measurements of carbon fibers and their impact on interfacial residual stresses in composites. Journal of Composite Materials, 2006, vol. 40, no. 8, pp. 733–754.
  41. Jones F.R., Mulheron M., Bailey J.E. Generation of thermal strains in GRP – Part 1. Effect of water on the expansion behaviour of unidirectional glass fibre-reinforced laminates. Journal of Materials Science, 1983, vol. 18, no. 5, pp. 1522–1532.
  42. Zheng Q., Morgan R.J. Synergistic Thermal-Moisture Damage Mechanisms of Epoxies and Their Carbon Fiber Composites. Journal of Composite Materials, 1993, vol. 27, no. 15, pp. 1465–1478.
  43. Khamidulin O.L., Madiyarova G.I., Reskovy A.V., Andrianova K.A., Amirova L.M. A comparative analysis of the thermal expansion and heat capacity of polymers based on a number of epoxinolaine resins in a wide range of temperatures. Vestnik tekhnologicheskogo universiteta, 2021, vol. 24, pp. 40–44.
  44. Reskovy A.V., Madiyarova G.M., Khamidullin O.L., Amirova L.M. Militic expansion of polymers based on a number of epoxinolain resins. Vestnik tekhnologicheskogo universiteta, 2022, vol. 25, pp. 46–50.
  45. Startsev O.V., Rudnev V.P. Changing the structural heterogeneity of epoxy compounds during water supply. Aviation materials. Corrosion and aging of materials in sea subtropics, 1983, pp. 71–77.
  46. Ahmed A., Tavakol B., Das R. et al. Study of thermal expansion in carbon fiberreinforced polymer composites. International SAMPE Technical Conference, 2012, p. 13.
  47. Kong E.S.-W. Physical aging in epoxy matrices and composites. Epoxy Resins and Composites, Berlin, 1986, pp. 125–171.
  48. Zhavoronok E.S., Senchikhin I.N., Roldugin V.I. Physical aging and relaxation processes in epoxy systems. Vysokomolekulyarnye soyedineniya A, 2017, vol. 59, no. 2, pp. 113–149.
  49. Startsev V.O., Krotov A.S., Suranov A.Ya., Startsev O.V. Spectrometric processing of the results of dilatometric measurements of polymer composite materials. Materialovedenie, 2009, no. 11, pp. 11–15.
  50. Motoc D.L., Ivens J., Dadirlat N. Coefficient of thermal expansion evolution for cryogenic preconditioned hybrid carbon fiber/glass fiber-reinforced polymeric composite materials. Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry, 2013, vol. 112, no. 3, pp. 1245–1251.
  51. Marahovskiy P.S., Maltceva E.Yu., Barinov D.Ya., Zuev A.V., Smirnov M.V. Experience in measuring the thermal linear expansion coefficient of combined cords using organic and glass fibers. Aviacionnye materialy i tehnologii, 2019, no. 1 (54), pp. 82–87. DOI: 10.18577/2071-9140-2019-0-1-82-87.
  52. Decelle J., Huet N., Bellenger V. Oxidation induced shrinkage for thermally aged epoxy networks. Polymer Degradation and Stability, 2003, vol. 81, no. 2, pp. 239–248.
  53. Inamdar A., Yang Y.H., Prisacaru A., Gromala P., Han B. High temperature aging of epoxy-based molding compound and its effect on mechanical behavior of molded electronic package. Polymer Degradation and Stability, 2021, vol. 188, pp. 109572.
  54. Ogata M., Kinjo N., Kawata T. Effects of crosslinking on physical properties of phenol-formaldehyde novolac cured epoxy resins. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 1993, vol. 48, no. 4, pp. 583–601.
  55. Perepacko I.I., Trepelkova L.I., Bodrova L.A. The abnormal effect of the density of the spatial grid of epoxy polymers on their viscous-capacity in glass-shaped state. Vysokomolekulyarnyye soyedineniya. Seriya B, 1969, vol. 11, no. 1, pp. 3–4.
  56. Perepechnko I.I., Kvacheva L.A. Molecular mobility and relaxation processes in stitched epoxy polymers. Vysokomolekulyarnyye soyedineniya. Seriya A, 1971, vol. 13, no. 1, pp. 124–130.
  57. Kablov E.N., Startsev V.O. The Influence of Internal Stresses on the Aging of Polymer Composite Materials: a Review. Mechanics of Composite Materials, 2021, vol. 57, no. 5, pp. 565–576.
  58. Lebedev M.P., Startsev O.V., Petrov M.G., Kopyrin M.M. The formation of microcracks with climatic aging of polymer composite materials. Vse materialy. Entsiklopedicheskiy spravochnik, 2022, no. 4, pp. 2–11.
  59. Hahn H.T. Residual Stresses in Polymer Matrix Composite Laminates. Journal of Composite Materials, 1976, vol. 10, no. 4, pp. 266–278.
  60. Nairn J.A. Thermoelastic analysis of residual stresses in unidirectional, high-performance composites. Polymer Composites, 1985, vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 123–130.
  61. Abrate S. Matrix cracking in laminated composites: A review. Composites Engineering, 1991, vol. 1, no. 6, pp. 337–353.
  62. Shin K.B., Kim C.G., Hong C.S., Lee H.H. Prediction of failure thermal cycles in graphite/epoxy composite materials under simulated low earth orbit environments. Composites. Part B: Engineering, 2000, vol. 31, no. 3, pp. 223–235.
  63. Startsev O.V., course I.S., Deev I.S., Nikishin E.F. Thermal expansion of carbon fiber KMU-4L after 12 years of exhibiting in an open cosmos. Voprosy materialovedeniya, 2013, no. 4 (76), рр. 77–85.
  64. Mahdavi S., Gupta S.K., Hojjati M. Thermal cycling of composite laminates made of out-of-autoclave materials. Science and Engineering of Composite Materials, 2018, vol. 25, no. 6, pp. 1145–1156.
  65. Asai S., Goto K., Yoneyama S. et al. Effect of space environment on thermal and mechanical properties of CFRP. ICCM International Conferences on Composite Materials, 2015, vol. 2015-July, art. 43-16-2.
  66. Kato A., Goto K., Kogo Y., Inoue R. Changes in thermal expansion coefficient of CFRP laminate due to thermal cycle // 21st International Conferences on Composite Materials. Xi'an, 2017.
  67. Herakovich C.T., Hyer M.W. Damage-induced property changes in composites subjected to cyclic thermal loading. Engineering Fracture Mechanics, 1986, vol. 25, no. 5–6, pp. 779–791.
  68. Aniskevich K., Korkhov V., Faitelsone J., Jansons J. Mechanical properties of pultruded glass fiber reinforced plastic after freeze–thaw cycling. Journal of Reinforced Plastics and Composites, 2012, vol. 31, no. 22, pp. 1554–1563.
  69. Pipes R.B., Vinson J.R., Chou T.-W. On the Hygrothermal Response of Laminated Composite Systems. Journal of Composite Materials, 1976, vol. 10, no. 2, pp. 129–148.
  70. Browning C.E. The mechanisms of elevated temperature property losses in high performance structural epoxy resin matrix materials after exposures to high humidity environments. Polymer Engineering & Science, 1978, vol. 18, no. 1, pp. 16–24.
  71. Crossman F.W., Mauri R.E., Warren W.J. Hygrothermal damage mechanisms in graphite-epoxy composites. NASA Contractor Reports, 1979, vol. 3189, 52 p.
  72. Zhang J., Herrmann K.P. Modeling Matrix Cracking in Composite Laminates Under Thermo-mechanical Loading. Proceedings in Applied Mathematics and Mechanics, 2002, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 203–204.
  73. Lafarie-Frenot M., Hénaff-Gardin C., Gamby D. Matrix cracking induced by cyclic ply stresses in composite laminates. Composites Science and Technology, 2001, vol. 61, no. 15, pp. 2327–2336.
  74. Lafarie-Frenot M., Rouquie S. Influence of oxidative environments on damage in c/epoxy laminates subjected to thermal cycling. Composites Science and Technology, 2004, vol. 64, no. 10–11, pp. 1725–1735.
  75. Lim S.G., Hong C.S. Effect of transverse cracks on the thermomechanical properties of cross-ply laminated composites. Composites Science and Technology, 1989, vol. 34, no. 2, pp. 145–162.
  76. Adams D.S., Herakovich C.T. Influence of damage on the thermal response of graphite-epoxy laminates. Journal of Thermal Stresses, 1984, vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 91–103.
  77. Geng G., Ma X., Geng H., Wu Y. Effect of load on the thermal expansion behavior of T700 carbon fiber bundles. Polymers, 2018, vol. 10, no. 2, art. 152.
  78. Lebedev M.P., Startsev O.V. Radiation aging of polymer composite materials. Klei. Germetiki. Tekhnologii, 2022, no. 8, pp. 21–32.
  79. Arkhipov A.A., Korkhov V.P., Pudnik V.V., Rodin Y.P. Change in the structure and properties of carbon fiber-reinforced plastic with a polysulfone matrix under the effect of gamma irradiation. Mechanics of Composite Materials, 1993, vol. 28, no. 6, pp. 591–596.
  80. Wu Z.X., Li J.W., Huang C.J. et al. Effect of gamma irradiation on the mechanical behavior, thermal properties and structure of epoxy/glass-fiber composite. Journal of Nuclear Materials, 2013, vol. 441, no. 1–3, pp. 67–72.
  81. Wu Z., Li J., Huang C., Huang R., Li L. Processing characteristic and radiation resistance of various epoxy insulation materials for superconducting magnets. Fusion Engineering and Design, 2013, vol. 88, no. 11, pp. 3078–3083.
  82. Zheng L.F., Wang L.N., Wang Z.Z., Wang L. Effects of γ-ray irradiation on the fatigue strength, thermal conductivities and thermal stabilities of the glass fibres/epoxy resins composites. Acta Metallurgica Sinica (English Letters), 2018, vol. 31, no. 1, pp. 105–112.
  83. Shelby J.E. Effect of radiation on the physical properties of borosilicate glasses. Journal of Applied Physics, 1980, vol. 51, no. 5, pp. 2561–2565.
  84. Memory J.D., Fornes R.E., Gilbert R.D. Radiation Effects on Graphite Fiber Reinforced Composites. Journal of Reinforced Plastics and Composites, 1988, vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 33–65.
  85. Kablov E.N., Startsev V.O., Inozemtsev A.A. The moisture absorption of structurally similar samples from polymer composite materials in open climatic conditions with application of thermal spikes. Aviacionnye materialy i tehnologii, 2017, no. 2 (47), pp. 56–68. DOI: 10.18577/2071-9140-2017-0-2-56-68.
  86. Startsev V.O., Lebedev M.P., Kychkin A.K. Influence of moderately warm and extremely cold climate on properties of basalt plastic armature. Heliyon, 2018, vol. 4, no. 12, art. e01060.
  87. Kychkin A.K., Lebedev M.P., Kychkin А.А. et al. Investigation of the Coefficient of Linear Temperature Expansion of Composite Rods and Heavy Concrete. Proceedings of the International Symposium «Engineering and Earth Sciences: Applied and Fundamental Research» dedicated to the 85th anniversary of H.I. Ibragimov (ISEES 2019). Paris: Atlantis Press, 2019, pp. 447–451.
  88. Startsev V.O. Across-the-thickness gradient of the interlaminar shear strength of a CFRP after its long-term exposure to a marine climate. Mechanics of Composite Materials, 2016, vol. 52, no. 2, pp. 171–176.
  89. Kablov E.N., Startsev V.O. Measurement and forecasting of materials samples’ temperature during weathering in different climatic zones. Aviacionnye materialy i tehnologii, 2020, no. 4 (61), pp. 47–58. DOI: 10.18577 / 2071-9140-2020-0-4-47-58.