Determination of the strength of the adhesive bond between Russian carbon fibers and an epoxy matrix using the «loop» pull-out test

Ivankov R.R., Sidorina A.I., Kotomin S.V.
UDC
539.612
DOI
10.18577/2307-6046-2025-0-12-170-184
Article PDF (Russian) (819.7 KB)
How to cite
Ivankov R.R., Sidorina A.I., Kotomin S.V. Determination of the strength of the adhesive bond between Russian carbon fibers and an epoxy matrix using the «loop» pull-out test // Proceedings of VIAM. 2025. No. 12. DOI: 10.18577/2307-6046-2025-0-12-170-184. URL: https://test.viam.ru/en/journal/2025/12/14
Keywords
adhesive strength, aramid fiber, carbon fiber, adhesive contact zone, strength testing, epoxy binder
Abstract

An improved method for determining the adhesive bond strength between carbon fibers and an epoxy matrix using a loop pull-out test is considered. This modified test method makes it possible to determine the adhesive strength of fibers in the form of bundles and control the pressure during the formation of an adhesive contact. The adhesive strength of two grades of domestic carbon fibers with an epoxy binder was determined using the loop pull-out test. After the test, the failure zone was examined using an optical microscope.

Reference list
  1. Kablov E.N. Innovative developments of FSUE «VIAM» SSC of RF on realization of «Strategic directions of the development of materials and technologies of their processing for the period until 2030». Aviacionnye materialy i tehnologii, 2015, no. 1 (34), pp. 3–33. DOI: 10.18577/2071-9140-2015-0-1-3-33.
  2. Rudskoy A.I. Technological heredity in the production and operation of structural materials. Tekhnologiya metallov, 2019, no. 2, pp. 2–10.
  3. Davydova I.F., Kablov E.N., Kavun N.S. Heat-resistant non-flammable polyimide fiberglass laminates for aviation and rocketry products. Vse materialy. Entsiklopedicheskiy spravochnik, 2009, no. 7, pp. 2–11.
  4. Kablov E.N. The role of fundamental research in the creation of new generation materials. Report of XXI Mendeleev Congress on General and Applied Chemistry: in 6 vols. St. Petersburg, 2019, vol. 4, p. 24.
  5. Tkachuk A.I., Donetsky K.I., Terekhov I.V., Karavaev R.Yu. The use of thermosetting matrices for the manufacture of polymer composite materials by the non-autoclave molding methods. Aviation materials and technology, 2021, no. 1 (62), paper no. 03. Available at: https://www.journal.viam.ru (accessed: August 02, 2025). DOI: 10.18577/2713-0193-2021-0-1-22-33.
  6. Khrulkov A.V., Donetsky K.I., Melnikov D.A., Klimenko O.N., Slavin A.V. Prepreg tack as a function of various parameters during laying out blanks of parts and samples from polymer composite materials. Trudy VIAM, 2025, no. 3 (145), paper no. 04. Available at: http://www.viam-works.ru (accessed: April 04, 2025). DOI: 10.18577/2307-6046-2025-0-3-33-46.
  7. Startsev V.O., Antipov V.V., Slavin A.V., Gorbovets M.A. Modern domestic polymer composite materials for aviation industry (review). Aviation materials and technologies, 2023, no. 2 (71), paper no. 10. Available at: http://www.journal.viam.ru (accessed: April 02, 2025). DOI: 10.18577/2713-0193-2023-0-2-122-144.
  8. Erasov V.S., Sibayev I.G. Scheme for the development and evaluation of properties of structural aviation composite materials. Aviation materials and technologies, 2023, no. 1 (70), paper no. 05. Available at: http://www.journal.viam.ru (accessed: April 02, 2025). DOI: 10.18577/2713-0193-2023-0-61-81.
  9. Veshkin E.A. Technologies for non-autoclave molding of low-porosity polymer composite materials and large-sized structures made from them: thesis, Cand. Sc. (Tech.). Moscow, 2016, 146 p.
  10. Kogan D.I., Chursova L.V., Panina N.N. et al. Promising polymer materials for structural composite products with energy-efficient molding mode. Plasticheskie massy, 2020, no. 3–4, pp. 52–54.
  11. Tkachuk A.I., Lyubimova A.S., Kuznetcova P.A. Opportunities of the development of plant-based epoxy resins (review). Trudy VIAM, 2022, no. 8 (114), paper no. 04. Available at: http://www.viam-works.ru (accessed: April 02, 2025). DOI: 10.18577/2713-0193-2022-0-8-49-64.
  12. Mukhametov R.R., Petrova A.P. Thermosetting binders for polymer composites (review). Aviacionnye materialy i tehnologii, 2019, no. 3 (56), pp. 48–58. DOI: 10.18577/2071-9140-2019-0-3-48-58.
  13. Gulyayev A.I. Fiber-matrix adhesion strength measurement using nanoindentation (review). Trudy VIAM, 2019, no. 3 (75), paper no. 08. Available at: http://www.viam-works.ru (accessed: January 15, 2025). DOI: 10.18577/2307-6046-2019-0-3-68-78.
  14. Zhandarov S.F., Pisanova E.V., Dovgyalo V.A. Measuring the adhesion of carbon and glass fibers to thermoplastic polymers by stretching a composite with a single fiber. Plasticheskie massy, 1997, no. 2, pp. 6–8.
  15. Nelyub V.A., Guskov A.M., Belov P.A. Towards the design of carbon fiber reinforced plastics for tension taking into account the adhesion of the fiber to the matrix. Aktualnye problemy gumanitarnykh i estestvennykh nauk, 2014, no. 12-1, pp. 62–66.
  16. Nelyub V.A. Experimental assessment of the modulus of elasticity of the adhesive bond of the epoxy matrix – carbon fiber with metal coating system. Sovremennye naukoemkie tekhnologii, 2019, no. 6, pp. 96–100.
  17. Borodulin A.S., Nelyub V.A., Malysheva G.V. et al. Strength of the Polymer–Fiber Interface in Structural Composite Materials. Russian Metallurgy (Metally), 2023, vol. 13, pp. 2155–2159.
  18. Gorbatkina Yu.A. Adhesive strength in polymer-fiber systems. Moscow: Khimiya, 1987, 192 p.
  19. Gorbatkina Yu.A., Zhuravleva O.A., Ivanova-Mumzhieva V.G., Chebotarev V.P. The influence of the molecular weight of polysulfone on the adhesion of epoxy polysulfone binders to fibers. Plasticheskie massy, 2017, no. 5–6, pp. 14–17.
  20. Sergeev A.Yu., Turusov R.A., Baurova N.I. Determination of the adhesive strength of joints using the example of testing samples by pulling fibers out of the matrix. Kompozity i nanostruktury, 2017, no. 1, pp. 52–62.
  21. Oreshko E.I., Erasov V.S., Yakovlev N.O., Utkin D.A. Methods for determining the mechanical characteristics of materials using indentation (review). Aviation materials and technology, 2021, no. 1 (62), paper no. 10. Available at: http://www.journal.viam.ru (accessed: April 02, 2025). DOI: 10.18577/2713-0193-2021-0-1-104-118.
  22. Erasov V.S., Sibayev I.G., Sutubalov A.I., Popkova E.A., Gorbovets M.A. Methods of mechanical testing to determine the strength of carbon fibers. Aviation materials and technologies, 2024, no. 2 (75), paper no. 11. Available at: http://www.journal.viam.ru (accessed: April 02, 2025). DOI: 10.18577/2713-0193-2024-0-2-137-148.
  23. Gulyaev A.I., Erasov V.S., Oreshko E.I., Utkin D.A. Analysis of the destruction of carbon fiber when pushing out a multifilament cylinder. Plasticheskie massy, 2021, no. 1, pp. 28–35.
  24. Hardiman M., Vaughan T.J., McCarthy C.T. The effect of fibre constraint in the nanoindentation of fibrous composite microstructures: A finite element investigation. Computational Materials Science, 2012, vol. 64, pp. 162–167.
  25. Hu Z., Farahikia M., Delfanian F. Fiber bias effect on characterization of carbon fiber-reinforced polymer composites by nanoindentation testing and modeling. Journal of Composite Materials, 2015, vol. 49, p. 3359.
  26. Bechel V.T., Sottos N.R. A comparison of calculated and measured debond lengths from fiber push-out tests. Composites Science and Technology, 1998, vol. 58, pp. 1727–1739.
  27. Kotomin S.V., Obidin I.M., Pavlyuchkova E.A. Calculation of the strength of the adhesive bond of reinforcing fibers with polymers using the «loop» method. Mekhanika kompozitnykh materialov, 2022, vol. 58, no. 1, pp. 197‒212.
  28. Kotomin S.V., Obidin I.M., Pavlyuchkova E.A. Scale factor when testing adhesive-adhesive joints of heteroaramid threads using the «loop» method. Klei. Germetiki. Tekhnologii, 2023, no. 11, pp. 35–40.
  29. Zhelezina G.F., Tikhonov I.V., Chernykh T.E. et al. Third generation aramid fibers Rusar NT for reinforcing organotextolites for aviation purposes. Plasticheskie massy, 2019, no. 3–4, pp. 43–46.
  30. Perepelkin K.E. Reinforcing fibers and fibrous polymer composites. St. Petersburg: Scientific principles and technologies, 2009, 380 p.
  31. Donetskiy K.I., Karavayev R.Yu., Raskutin A.Ye., Dun V.A. Carbon fibers composite material on the basis of volume reinforcing triax braiding preformes. Trudy VIAM, 2019, no. 1 (73), paper no. 07. Available at: http://www.viam-works.ru (accessed: May 12, 2025). DOI: 10.18577/2307-6046-2019-0-1-55-63.