Review of polymer-derived ceramics (PDC)

Part 2. Properties of ceramics and the effect of fillers on them
Parashchenko N.M., Tupikov A.S.
UDC
666.3
DOI
10.18577/2307-6046-2026-0-4-104-120
Article PDF (Russian) (976.47 KB)
How to cite
Parashchenko N.M., Tupikov A.S. Review of polymer-derived ceramics (PDC). Part 2. Properties of ceramics and the effect of fillers on them // Proceedings of VIAM. 2026. No. 4. DOI: 10.18577/2307-6046-2026-0-4-104-120. URL: https://test.viam.ru/en/journal/2026/4/9
Keywords
PDC ceramics, fillers, pyrolysis, thermal stability, functional properties, composite materials
Abstract

This article examines the classification and influence of fillers on the properties of PDC (polymer-derived ceramics) materials, along with their functional characteristics. The study analyzes chemical resistance, thermal, dielectric, magnetic, optical and mechanical properties of PDC materials. Particular attention is given to methods for minimizing shrinkage and porosity during pyrolysis, as well as potential applications of PDC materials in high-tech industries.

Reference list
  1. Turchenko M.V., Lebedeva Yu.E., Kolmogorov A.Yu., Gurov D.A., Chainikova A.S. Possibility of using layer-by-layer deposition technology (FDM) to produce ceramic products. Trudy VIAM, 2024, no. 8 (138), pp. 64–76. Available at: http://www.viam-works.ru (accessed: September 03, 2025). DOI: 10.18577/2307-6046-2024-0-8-64-76.
  2. Kuznetsov B.Yu., Sorokin O.Yu., Vaganova M.L., Osin I.V. Synthesis of model high-temperature ceramic matrices by the method of spark plasma sintering and the study of their properties for the production of composite materials. Aviacionnye materialy i tehnologii, 2018, no. 4 (53), pp. 37–44. DOI: 10.18577/2071-9140-2018-0-4-37-44.
  3. Shestakov A.M. Ceramics based on organo-silicon polymers-precursors: properties and applications (review). Trudy VIAM, 2023, no. 2 (120), pp. 113–131. Available at: http://www.viam-works.ru (accessed: August 03, 2025). DOI: 10.18577/2307-6046-2023-0-2-113-131.
  4. Parashchenko N.M., Tupikov A.S., Lyzhenkov Z.A., Golovko D.S. Review of Polymer-Derived Ceramics (PDC). Part 1. Preceramic polymers and production of PDC materials. Trudy VIAM, 2025, no. 8 (150), pp. 134–151. Available at: http://www.viam-works.ru (accessed: September 07, 2025). DOI: 10.18577/2307-6046-2025-0-8-134-151.
  5. Barroso G., Quan L., Rajendra K.B., Günter M. Polymeric and ceramic silicon-based coatings – a review. Journal of Materials Chemistry A, 2019, vol. 7, no. 5, pp. 1936–1963. DOI: 10.1039/C8TA09054H.
  6. Colombo P., Mera G., Riedel R., Sorarù G.D. Polymer-Derived Ceramics: 40 Years of Research and Innovation in Advanced Ceramics. Journal of the American Ceramic Society, 2010, vol. 93, no. 7, pp. 1805–1837. DOI: 10.1111/j.1551-2916.2010.03876.x.
  7. Xia A., Yin J., Chen X. et al. Polymer-Derived Si-Based Ceramics: Recent Developments and Perspectives. Crystals, 2020, vol. 10, no. 9, p. 824. DOI: 10.3390/cryst10090824.
  8. Jia Y., Ajayi T.D., Morales J. et al. Thermal properties of polymer-derived ceramic reinforced with boron nitride nanotubes. Journal of the American Ceramic Society, 2019, vol. 102, no. 12, pp. 7584–7593. DOI: 10.1111/jace.16670.
  9. Haluschka C., Engel C., Riedel R. Silicon carbonitride ceramics derived from polysilazanes. Part II. Investigation of electrical properties. Journal of the European Ceramic Society, 2000, vol. 20, no. 9, pp. 1365–1374. DOI: 10.1016/S0955-2219(00)00009-1.
  10. Plachký T., Lenčéš Z., Hric L. et al. Processing and mechanical properties of Si3N4 composites employing polymer-derived SiAlOC as sintering aid. Journal of the European Ceramic Society, 2010, vol. 30, no. 3, pp. 759–767. DOI: 10.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2009.08.014.
  11. Ionescu E., Francis A., Riedel R. Dispersion assessment and studies on AC percolative conductivity in polymer-derived Si–C–N/CNT ceramic nanocomposites. Journal of Materials Science, 2009, vol. 44, no. 8, pp. 2055–2062. DOI: 10.1007/s10853-009-3304-3.
  12. Zhang L., Wang Y., Wei Y. et al. A Silicon Carbonitride Ceramic with Anomalously High Piezoresistivity. Journal of the American Ceramic Society, 2008, vol. 91, no. 4, pp. 1346–1349. DOI: 10.1111/j.1551-2916.2008.02275.x.
  13. Riedel R., Toma L., Janssen E. et al. Piezoresistive Effect in SiOC Ceramics for Integrated Pressure Sensors. Journal of the American Ceramic Society, 2010, vol. 93, no. 4, pp. 920–924. DOI: 10.1111/j.1551-2916.2009.03496.x.
  14. Xing W., Wilson A.M., Eguchi K. et al. Pyrolyzed Polysiloxanes for Use as Anode Materials in Lithium‐Ion Batteries. Journal of the Electrochemical Society, 1997, vol. 144, no. 7, pp. 2410–2416. DOI: 10.1149/1.1837828.
  15. Saha A., Shah S.R., Raj R., Russek S.E. Polymer-derived SiCN composites with magnetic properties. Journal of Materials Research, 2003, vol. 18, no. 11, pp. 2549–2551. DOI: 10.1557/JMR.2003.0356.
  16. Hauser R., Francis A., Theismann R., Riedel R. Processing and magnetic properties of metal-containing SiCN ceramic micro- and nano-composites. Journal of Materials Science, 2008, vol. 43, no. 12, pp. 4042–4049. DOI: 10.1007/s10853-007-2143-3.
  17. Tang B.-Z., Petersen R., Foucher D.A. et al. Novel ceramic and organometallic depolymerization products from poly(ferrocenylsilanes)via pyrolysis. Journal of the Chemical Society Chemical Communications, 1993, no. 6, p. 523. DOI: 10.1039/c39930000523.
  18. MacLachlan M.J., Ginzburg M., Coombs N. et al. Shaped Ceramics with Tunable Magnetic Properties from Metal-Containing Polymers. Science, 2000, vol. 287, no. 5457, pp. 1460–1463. DOI: 10.1126/science.287.5457.1460.
  19. Babonneau F., Soraru G.D., D’Andrea G. et al. Silicon Oxycarbide Glasses from Sol-Gel Precursors. MRS Proceedings, 1992, vol. 271, p. 789. DOI: 10.1557/PROC-271-789.
  20. Sorarù G.D., D’Andrea G., Campostrini R. et al. Structural Characterization and High-Temperature Behavior of Silicon Oxycarbide Glasses Prepared from Sol-Gel Precursors Containing Si–H Bonds. Journal of the American Ceramic Society, 1995, vol. 78, no. 2, pp. 379–387. DOI: 10.1111/j.1151-2916.1995.tb08811.x.
  21. Karakuscu A., Guider R., Pavesi L., Sorarù G.D. White Luminescence from Sol-Gel‐Derived SiOC Thin Films. Journal of the American Ceramic Society, 2009, vol. 92, no. 12, pp. 2969–2974. DOI: 10.1111/j.1551-2916.2009.03343.x.
  22. Menapace I., Mera G., Riedel R. et al. Luminescence of heat-treated silicon-based polymers: promising materials for LED applications. Journal of Materials Science, 2008, vol. 43, no. 17, pp. 5790–5796. DOI: 10.1007/s10853-008-2882-9.
  23. Chollon G. Oxidation behaviour of polymer-derived ceramics. Polymer Derived Ceramics: From Nano-structure to Applications. Lancaster: Destech Publication, 2010, pp. 292–308.
  24. Chollon G. Oxidation behaviour of ceramic fibres from the Si–C–N–O system and related sub-systems. Journal of the European Ceramic Society, 2000, vol. 20, no. 12, pp. 1959–1974. DOI: 10.1016/S0955-2219(00)00101-1.
  25. Varga T., Navrotsky A., Moats J.L. et al. Thermodynamically Stable SixOyCz Polymer‐Like Amorphous Ceramics. Journal of the American Ceramic Society, 2007, vol. 90, no. 10, pp. 3213–3219. DOI: 10.1111/j.1551-2916.2007.01874.x.
  26. Morcos R.M., Navrotsky A., Varga T. et al. Thermodynamically Stable SiwCxNyOz Polymer‐Like, Amorphous Ceramics Made from Organic Precursors. Journal of the American Ceramic Society, 2008, vol. 91, no. 7, pp. 2391–2393. DOI: 10.1111/j.1551-2916.2008.02427.x.
  27. Morcos R.М., Mera G., Navrotsky A. et al. Enthalpy of Formation of Carbon‐Rich Polymer‐Derived Amorphous SiCN Ceramics. Journal of the American Ceramic Society, 2008, vol. 91, no. 10, pp. 3349–3354. DOI: 10.1111/j.1551-2916.2008.02626.x.
  28. Parchovianský M., Parchovianská I., Švančárek P. et al. High-Temperature Oxidation Resistance of PDC Coatings in Synthetic Air and Water Vapor Atmospheres. Molecules, 2021, vol. 26, no. 8, p. 2388. DOI: 10.3390/molecules26082388.
  29. Wang Y., Fan Y., Zhang L. et al. Polymer-derived SiAlCN ceramics resist oxidation at 1400 °C. Scripta Materialia, 2006, vol. 55, no. 4, pp. 295–297. DOI: 10.1016/j.scriptamat.2006.05.004.
  30. Sorarù G.D., Modena S., Guadagnino E. et al. Chemical Durability of Silicon Oxycarbide Glasses. Journal of the American Ceramic Society, 2002, vol. 85, no. 6, pp. 1529–1536. DOI: 10.1111/j.1151-2916.2002.tb00308.x.
  31. Wilson A.M., Zank G., Eguchi K. et al. Pore Creation in Silicon Oxycarbides by Rinsing in Dilute Hydrofluoric Acid. Chemical Materials, 1997, vol. 9, no. 10, pp. 2139–2144. DOI: 10.1021/cm970224p.
  32. Production of shaped articles of homogeneous mixtures of silicon carbide and nitride: pat. 3853567 USA; appl. 02.04.73; publ. 10.12.74.
  33. Hasegawa Y., Okamura K. Synthesis of continuous silicon carbide fibre: Part 3 Pyrolysis process of polycarbosilane and structure of the products. Journal of Materials Science, 1983, vol. 18, no. 12, pp. 3633–3648. DOI: 10.1007/BF00540736.
  34. Yamamura T., Ishikawa T., Shibuya M. et al. Development of a new continuous Si–Ti–C–O fibre using an organometallic polymer precursor. Journal of Materials Science, 1988, vol. 23, no. 7, pp. 2589–2594. DOI: 10.1007/BF01111919.
  35. Ishikawa T., Kohtoku Y., Kumagawa K. et al. High-strength alkali-resistant sintered SiC fibre stable to 2,200 °C. Nature, 1998, vol. 391, no. 6669, pp. 773–775. DOI: 10.1038/35820.
  36. Bernard S., Ayadi K., Berthet M.P. et al. Evolution of structural features and mechanical properties during the conversion of poly[(methylamino)borazine] fibers into boron nitride fibers. Journal of Solid State Chemistry, 2004, vol. 177, no. 6, pp. 1803–1810. DOI: 10.1016/j.jssc.2004.01.004.
  37. Sorarù G.D., Dallapiccola E., D’Andrea G. Mechanical Characterization of Sol-Gel‐Derived Silicon Oxycarbide Glasses. Journal of the American Ceramic Society, 1996, vol. 79, no. 8, pp. 2074–2080. DOI: 10.1111/j.1151-2916.1996.tb08939.x.
  38. Janakiraman N., Aldinger F. Fabrication and characterization of fully dense Si–C–N ceramics from a poly(ureamethylvinyl)silazane precursor. Journal of the European Ceramic Society, 2009, vol. 29, no. 1, pp. 163–173. DOI: 10.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2008.05.028.
  39. Moraes K.V., Interrante L.V. Processing, Fracture Toughness, and Vickers Hardness of Allylhydridopolycarbosilane‐Derived Silicon Carbide. Journal of the American Ceramic Society, 2003, vol. 86, no. 2, pp. 342–346. DOI: 10.1111/j.1151-2916.2003.tb00020.x.
  40. Janakiraman N., Aldinger F. Indentation analysis of elastic and plastic deformation of precursor-derived Si–C–N ceramics. Journal of the European Ceramic Society, 2010, vol. 30, no. 3, pp. 775–785. DOI: 10.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2009.09.006.
  41. Bechelany M.C., Proust V., Gervais C. et al. In Situ Controlled Growth of Titanium Nitride in Amorphous Silicon Nitride: A General Route Toward Bulk Nitride Nanocomposites with Very High Hardness. Advanced Materials, 2014, vol. 26, no. 38, pp. 6548–6553. DOI: 10.1002/adma.201402356.
  42. Bauer A., Christ M., Zimmermann A., Aldinger F. Fracture Toughness of Amorphous Precursor‐Derived Ceramics in the Silicon–Carbon–Nitrogen System. Journal of the American Ceramic Society, 2001, vol. 84, no. 10, pp. 2203–2207. DOI: 10.1111/j.1151-2916.2001.tb00988.x.
  43. Zimmermann A., Bauer A., Christ M., Cai Y. High-temperature deformation of amorphous Si–C–N and Si–B–C–N ceramics derived from polymers. Acta Materialia, 2002, vol. 50, no. 5, pp. 1187–1196. DOI: 10.1016/S1359-6454(01)00420-7.
  44. Riedel R., Mera G., Hauser R., Klonczynski A. Silicon-Based Polymer-Derived Ceramics: Synthesis Properties and Applications – A Review: Dedicated to Prof. Dr. Fritz Aldinger on the occasion of his 65th birthday. Nippon Seramikkusu Kyokai gakujutsu ronbunshi, 2006, vol. 114, no. 1330, pp. 425–444. DOI: 10.2109/jcersj.114.425.
  45. Riedel R., Ruswisch L.M., An L., Raj R. Amorphous Silicoboron Carbonitride Ceramic with Very High Viscosity at Temperatures above 1500 °C. Journal of the American Ceramic Society, 1998, vol. 81, no. 12, pp. 3341–3344. DOI: 10.1111/j.1151-2916.1998.tb02780.x.
  46. Zhitnyuk S.V., Medvedev P.N., Sorokin O.Yu., Kachaev A.A. Formation of crystallographic texture in polycryctalline ceramics as a way to enhance properties (review). Trudy VIAM, 2022, no. 5 (111), pp. 74–86. Available at: http://www.viam-works.ru (accessed: September 07, 2025). DOI: 10.18577/2307-6046-2022-0-5-74-86.
  47. Butuzov A.V., Semina A.V. Preceramic polymers for the production of ceramic products by vat photopolymerization. Part 1. Methods of production and properties. Trudy VIAM, 2025, no. 3 (145), pp. 70–88. Available at: http://www.viam-works.ru (accessed: September 07, 2025). DOI: 10.18577/2307-6046-2025-0-3-70-88.