Preceramic polymers for the production of ceramic products by vat photopolymerization

Part 1. Methods of production and properties
Butuzov A.V., Semina A.V.
UDC
666.3
DOI
10.18577/2307-6046-2025-0-3-70-88
Article PDF (Russian) (735.29 KB)
How to cite
Butuzov A.V., Semina A.V. Preceramic polymers for the production of ceramic products by vat photopolymerization. Part 1. Methods of production and properties // Proceedings of VIAM. 2025. No. 3. DOI: 10.18577/2307-6046-2025-0-3-70-88. URL: https://test.viam.ru/en/journal/2025/3/7
Keywords
preceramic polymers, vat photopolymerization, polyorganosiloxanes, polyorganosilylcarbodiimides, polyorganocarbosilanes, polyorganosilazanes, polymer derived ceramics
Abstract

The first part of the review considers the main types of preceramic organosilicon polymers and the types of their polymer derived ceramics formed during pyrolysis. An analysis of scientific-technical literature and patent sources of information on methods of synthesis, chemical modification, physico-chemical properties, main manufacturers and areas of application of organosilicon polymers is carried out. The main structural factors of preceramic polymers are described, which make it possible to vary the entire complex of physico-chemical properties of a ceramic material in a wide range.

Reference list
  1. Padture N.P. Advanced structural ceramics in aerospace propulsion. Nature Materials, 2016, no. 15, pp. 804–809. DOI: 10.1038/nmat4687.
  2. Kablov E.N. Innovative developments of FSUE «VIAM» SSC of RF on realization of «Strategic directions of the development of materials and technologies of their processing for the period until 2030». Aviacionnye materialy i tehnologii, 2015, no. 1 (34), pp. 3–33. DOI: 10.18577/2071-9140-2015-0-1-3-33.
  3. Elsayed H., Carraro F., Agnoli S. et al. Direct ink writing of silica-carbon-calcite composite scaffolds from a silicone resin and fillers. Journal of the European Ceramic Society, 2018, vol. 38, pp. 5200–5207. DOI: 10.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2018.07.049.
  4. Gailevicius D., Padolskyte V., Mikoliunaite L. et al. Additive-manufacturing of 3D glass-ceramics down to nanoscale resolution. Nanoscale Horizons, 2019, vol. 4, no. 3, pp. 647–651. DOI: 10.1039/C8NH00293B.
  5. Kablov E.N. The Present and Future of Additive Technologies. Metally Evrazii, 2017, no. 1, pp. 2–6.
  6. Kablov E.N. Additive Technologies – the Dominant of the National Technological Initiative. Intellekt i tekhnologii, 2015, no. 2 (11), pp. 52–55.
  7. Tumbleston J.R., Shirvanyants D., Ermoshkin N. et al. Continuous liquid interface production of 3D objects. Science, 2015, vol. 347, pp. 1349–1352. DOI: 10.1126/science.aaa2397.
  8. Malaev I.A., Pivovarov M.L. Additive technologies: application in medicine and pharmacy. Vestnik farmatsii, 2019, no. 2 (84), pp. 98–107.
  9. Camargo I.L., Morais M.M., Fortulan C.A., Branciforti M.C. A review on the rheological behavior and formulations of ceramic suspensions for vat photopolymerization. Ceramics International, 2021, vol. 47, pp. 11906–11921. DOI: 10.1016/j.ceramint.2021.01.031.
  10. Turchenko M.V., Lebedeva Yu.E., Belyachenkov I.O., Prokofiev V.A. Obtaining of ceramic materials by stereolithography method. Trudy VIAM, 2023, no. 9 (127), paper no. 07. Available at: http://www.viam-works.ru (accessed: August 13, 2024). DOI: 10.18577/2307-6046-2023-0-9-79-89.
  11. Lacelle T., Sampson K.L., Sarvestani H.Y. et al. Additive manufacturing of polymer derived ceramics: Materials, methods, and applications. APL Materials, 2023, vol. 11, pp. 1–29. DOI: 10.1063/5.0151661.
  12. Ainger F.W., Herbert J.M. The Preparation of Phosphorus-Nitrogen Compounds as Non-Porous Solids. Special Ceramics: Proceedings of a Symposium held at the British Ceramic Research Association. 1960, vol. 1, рр. 168–182.
  13. Production of Shaped Articles of Homogeneous Mixtures of Silicon Carbide and Nitride: pat. 3853567 US; appl. 19.04.72; publ. 02.04.73.
  14. Yajima S., Hayashi J., Imori M. Continuous Silicon Carbide Fiber of High Tensile Strength. Materials Science, Chemistry, 1975, vol. 4, no. 9, pp. 931–934. DOI: 10.1246/cl.1975.931.
  15. Shestakov A.M. Ceramics based on organosilicon polymers-precursors: methods of preparation and properties (review). Trudy VIAM, 2020, no. 11 (93), paper no. 9. Available at: http://www.viam-works.ru (accessed: August 06, 2024). DOI: 10.18577/2307-6046-2020-0-11-76-92.
  16. Blum Y.D., MacQueen D.B., Kleebe H.-J. Synthesis and Characterization of Carbon-Enriched Silicon Oxycarbides. Journal of the European Ceramic Society, 2005, vol. 25, no. 2–3, pp. 143–149. DOI: 10.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2004.07.019.
  17. Kleebe H.-J., Gregori G., Babonneau F. et al. Evolution of C-Rich SiCO Ceramics. Part I. Characterization by Integral Spectroscopic Techniques: Solid-State NMR and Raman Spectroscopy. International Journal of Materials Research, 2006, vol. 97, no. 6, pp. 699–709. DOI: 10.1515/ijmr-2006-0115.
  18. Colombo P., Mera G., Riedel R., Soraru G.D. Polymer-derived ceramic: 40 years of research and innovation in advanced ceramics. Journal American ceramic society, 2010, vol. 93, pp. 1805–1837. DOI: 10.1111/j.1551-2916.2010.03876.x.
  19. Sokolov N.N. Methods of synthesis of polyorganosiloxanes. Moscow–Leningrad: State Energy Publ. House, 1959, 200 p.
  20. Sobolevsky M.V., Skorokhodov I.I., Grinevich K.P. et al. Oligoorganosiloxanes. Properties, production, application. Moscow: Khimiya, 1985, 264 p.
  21. Mukhametov R.R., Petrova A.P. Thermosetting binders for polymer composite materials: a tutorial. Ed. E.N. Kablov. Moscow: NRC «Kurchatov Institute» – VIAM, 2021, 528 p.
  22. Shiriakina Yu.M., Kitaeva N.S., Afanaseva E.A., Butuzov A.V. Amphiphilic compounds and hydrophobization (review). Trudy VIAM, 2022, no. 7 (113), paper no. 09. Available at: http://www.viam-works.ru (accessed: August 01, 2024). DOI: 10.18577/2307-6046-2022-0-7-99-115.
  23. Shitov R.О., Butuzov А.V. Commercial silicone resin (review). Part 1. Trudy VIAM, 2023, no. 2 (120), paper no. 01. Available at: http://www.viam-works.ru (accessed: August 06, 2024). DOI: 10.18577/2307-6046-2023-0-2-3-19.
  24. Chernyshev E.A., Talanov V.N. Chemistry of organoelement monomers and polymers. Moscow: KolosS, 2011, 439 p.
  25. Egorova E.V., Vasilenko N.G., Demchenko N.V. et al. Polycondensation of alkoxysilanes in an active medium – a universal method for obtaining polyorganosiloxanes. Doklady Akademii nauk, 2009, vol. 424, no. 2, pp. 200–204.
  26. Tarasova E.M., Butuzov A.V., Cherkasova A.A., Ivanov P.V. Study of chemical assembly of macromolecules in polycondensation of difunctional dimethylsilanes. Tonkie khimicheskie tekhnologii, 2016, vol. 11, no. 1, pp. 59–66.
  27. Method for producing polyorganosiloxanes: pat. 2547827 Rus. Federation; appl. 16.07.13; publ. 10.04.15.
  28. Baney R.H., Maki I., Akihito S., Toshio S. Silsesquioxanes. Chemical Reviews, 1995, vol. 95, no. 5, pp. 1409–1430.
  29. Hurd C.B. Studies on siloxanes. 1. The specific volume and viscosity in relation to temperature and constitution. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 1946, vol. 68, no. 3, pp. 364–370.
  30. Rasaki S.A., Xiong D., Xiong S. et al. Photopolymerization-based additive manufacturing of ceramics: A systematic review. Journal of advanced ceramics, 2021, vol. 10, no. 3, pp. 442–471.
  31. Zhang H., Pantano C.G. Synthesis and Characterization of Silicon Oxycarbide Glasses. Journal of the American Ceramic Society, 1990, vol. 73, no. 4, pp. 958–963.
  32. Storozhenko P.A., Tsirlin A.M., Gubin S.P. et al. New oxygen-free pre-ceramic polymers – nano-metal polycarbosilanes and nanosized fillers – unique materials for increasing the strength and oxidation resistance of carbon graphites and stabilizing high-strength and high-temperature ceramics. Kriticheskie tekhnologii. Membrany, 2005, no. 4 (28), pp. 68–74.
  33. Method for producing polycarbosilane: pat. 2108348 Rus. Federation; appl. 30.09.96; publ. 10.04.98.
  34. Tsirlin A.M., Florina E.K., Popova N.A. et al. Basic patterns of synthesis of fiber-forming polycarbosilanes and technical requirements for them. Khimicheskie volokna, 1992, no. 4, pp. 16–18.
  35. Li H.B., Zhang L.T., Cheng L.F. et al. Polymer–ceramic conversion of a highly branched liquid polycarbosilane for SiC-based ceramics. Journal of materials science, 2008, vol. 43, pp. 2806–2811. DOI: 10.1007/s10853-008-2539-8.
  36. Wang Y.C., Xiao P., Zhou W. et al. Microstructures, dielectric response and microwave absorption properties of polycarbosilane derived SiC powders. Ceramics International, 2018, vol. 44, pp. 3606–3613. DOI: 10.1016/j.ceramint.2017.11.101.
  37. Storozhenko P.A., Shcherbakova G.I., Tsirlin A.M. et al. Synthesis of nanozirconium oligocarbosilanes. Neorganicheskiye materialy, 2006, vol. 42, no. 10, pp. 1269–1277.
  38. Shcherbakova G.I., Blokhina M.Kh., Storozhenko P.A. et al. Pre-ceramic nanohafnium oligocarbosilanes. Neorganicheskiye materialy, 2014, vol. 50, no. 4, pp. 457–464.
  39. Gubin S.P., Moroz E.M., Boronin A.I. et al. Nanoparticles of Ti and Zr in organosilicon polymer ceramic precursors. Mendeleev Communication, 1999, vol. 9, no. 2, pp. 59–61. DOI: 10.1070/MC1999v009n02ABEH001040.
  40. Ryzhova O.G., Polivanov A.N., Timofeev I.A. Polyorganosilazanes: present and future. Vse materialy. Entsiklopedicheskiy spravochnik, 2010, no. 10, pp. 47–55.
  41. Method for producing oligoborosilazanes: pat. 2546664 Rus. Federation; appl. 30.12.13; publ. 10.04.15.
  42. Krüger C.R., Rochow E.G. Polyorganosilazanes. Journal of Polymer Science. Part A: General Papers, 1964, vol. 2, no. 7, pp. 3179–3189. DOI: 10/1002/pol.1964.100020717.
  43. Seyferth D., Stewart R.M. Synthesis and Polymerization of Cyclotetrasilazanes. Applied Organometallic Chemistry, 1997, vol. 11, no. 10–11, pp. 813–832.
  44. Method for manufacturing a hafnium-containing silazane polymer and a method for manufacturing a ceramic from said polymer: pat. US 5296418; appl. 23.10.92; publ. 22.03.94.
  45. Kotrelev G.V., Petrov V.S., Zhdanov A.A. et al. Effect of titanium and zirconium atoms in the chain of oligomethylsilazanes on the process of their thermal destruction under dynamic heating in vacuum. Vysokomolekulyarnye soyedineniya. Ser. A, 2000, vol. 42, no. 2, pp. 312–319.
  46. Gordetsov A.S., Kozyukov V.P., Vostokov I.A. et al. Synthesis and properties of silicon-, germanium-, tin-, and lead-containing carbodiimides and cyanamides. Uspekhi khimii, 1982, vol. 51, no. 5, pp. 848–878.
  47. Kolesnikova A.B., Mitrofanov M.Yu., Gruzinova E.A., Muzafarov A.M. Synthesis and modification of polysilylcarbodiimides. Vysokomolekulyarnye soyedineniya. Ser. A, 2007, vol. 49, no. 9, рp. 1628–1634.
  48. Kirilin A.D., Gavrilova A.V., Sheludyakov V.D., Shamina M.G., Storozhenko P.A. Synthesis of chlorine-free oligoorganosilylcarbodiimides for the creation of Si/C/N ceramics. Plasticheskie massy, 2010, no. 11, pp. 36–38.
  49. Haag P., Lechler R., Weidlein J. Substitution Reactions of Bis(trimethylelement)Carbodiimides of Silicon and Germanium with Metal Chloride and Dimethylmetal Chlorides of Sb, Al, Ga, and In. Zeitschrift für Anorganische und Allgemeine Chemie, 1994, vol. 620, no. 1, pp. 112–116.
  50. Method for producing polyorganosilylcarbodiimides: pat. 2412214 C2 Rus. Federation; appl. 03.02.09; publ. 20.02.11.