Mechanical properties of woven composite materials with a 3D-reinforced structure (review)

Grinevich D.V., Donetskiy K.I., Shershak P.V., Yakovlev N.O.
UDC
678.8
DOI
10.18577/2307-6046-2023-0-6-87-104
Article PDF (Russian) (998.65 KB)
How to cite
Grinevich D.V., Donetskiy K.I., Shershak P.V., Yakovlev N.O. Mechanical properties of woven composite materials with a 3D-reinforced structure (review) // Proceedings of VIAM. 2023. No. 6. DOI: 10.18577/2307-6046-2023-0-6-87-104. URL: https://test.viam.ru/en/journal/2023/6/8
Keywords
polymer composite materials, woven, tension, compression, impact, fatigue, bulk-reinforced textile preforms, 3D-weaving
Abstract

Considers woven composite materials with a 3D-reinforced structure. A review of studies on the determination of their mechanical properties is carried out. Articles devoted to the study of the microstructure of materials, their properties in tension, compression, interlayer fracture, impact, and cyclic loading are considered. A comparison of 3D-woven composite materials with woven 2D composite materials is carried out, the influence of the structure on mechanical properties is considered, the main parameters of these materials are given, as well as information on the nature of their destruction. A variant of the non-crimp 3D-woven composite materials is considered separately.

Reference list
  1. Kablov E.N. The role of fundamental research in the creation of new generation materials. Reports of the XXI Mendeleev Congress on General and Applied Chemistry: in 6 vols. St. Petersburg, 2019, vol. 4, p. 24.
  2. Kablov E.N., Sagomonova V.A., Sorokin A.E., Tselikin V.V., Gulyaev A.I. Investigation of the structure and properties of a polymer composite material with an integrated vibration-absorbing layer. Vse materialy. Entsiklopedicheskiy spravochnik, 2020, no. 3, pp. 2–9.
  3. Kablov E.N., Startsev V.O. Systematical analysis of the climatics influence on mechanical properties of the polymer composite materials based on domestic and foreign sources (review). Aviacionnye materialy i tehnologii, 2018, no. 2 (51), pp. 47–58. DOI: 10.18577/2071-9140-2018-0-2-47-58.
  4. Mukhametov R.R., Petrova A.P. Thermosetting binders for polymer composites (review). Aviacionnye materialy i tehnologii, 2019, no. 3 (56), pp. 48–58. DOI: 10.18577/2071-9140-2019-0-3-48-58.
  5. Sorokin A.E., Ivanov M.S., Sagomonova V.A. Thermoplastic polymer composite materials based on polyetheretherketones of various manufacturers. Aviation materials and technologies, 2022, no. 1 (66), paper no. 04. Available at: http://www.journal.viam.ru (accessed: July 07, 2022). DOI: 10.18577/2071-9140-2022-0-1-41-50.
  6. Grinevich D.V., Yakovlev N.O., Slavin A.V. The criteria of the failure of polymer matrix composites (review). Trudy VIAM, 2019, no. 7 (79), paper no. 11. Available at: http://viam-works.ru (accessed: July 05, 2022). DOI: 10.18577/2307-6046-2019-0-7-92-111.
  7. Belinis P.G., Donetskiy K.I., Lukyanenko Yu.V., Rogozhnikov V.N., Mayer Yu., Bystrikova D.V. Volume reinforcing solid-woven preforms for manufacturing of polymer composite materials (review). Aviacionnye materialy i tehnologii, 2019, no. 4 (57), pp. 18–26. DOI: 10.18577/2071-9140-2019-0-4-18-26.
  8. Slavin А.V., Silkin A.N., Grinevich D.V., Yakovlev N.O. Composite materials with a 3D-reinforced structure (review). Trudy VIAM, 2022, no. 8 (114), paper no. 09. Available at: http://www.viam-works.ru (accessed: July 05, 2022). DOI: 10.18577/2307-6046-2022-0-8-113-122.
  9. Yakovlev N.O., Davydenko A.N., Monakhov A.D. Damage Criteria for Predicting the Residual Fatigue Life of PCM. Physical and Mechanical Testing, Strength and Reliability of Modern Structural and Functional Materials: Proceedings of XIV All-Rus. conf. for testing and research of the properties of materials "TestMat". Moscow, 2022, pp. 240–249.
  10. Yakovlev N.O., Popkova E.A., Landik D.N. Deformation as a criterion for the quality of carbon fiber. The role of fundamental research in the implementation of the Strategic directions for the development of materials and technologies for their processing for the period up to 2030: materials of the VII All-Rus. sci.-tech. conf. Moscow, 2021, pp. 198–203.
  11. Tong L. 3D Fibre Reinforced Polymer Composites. Elsevier Science, 2002, 254 p.
  12. Pankow M.R. The Deformation Response of 3D Woven Composites Subjected to High Rates of Loading: PhD thesis. The University of Michigan, 2010, 208 p. Available at: https://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/handle/2027.42/77889 (accessed: August 25, 2022).
  13. Saleh M.N., Yudhanto A., Lubineau G., Soutis C. The effect of z-binding yarns on the electrical properties of 3D woven composites. Composite Structures, 2017, no. 182, pp. 606–616. DOI: 10.1016/j.compstruct.2017.09.081.
  14. Saleh M.N., Yudhanto A., Potluri P. et al. Characterising the loading direction sensitivity of 3D woven composites: Effect of z-binder architecture. Composites. Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing, 2016, no. 90, pp. 577–588. DOI: 10.1016/j.compositesa.2016.08.028.
  15. Sidorina A.I., Safronov A.M., Kutsevich K.E., Klimenko O.N. Carbon fabrics for aircraft products. Trudy VIAM, 2020, no. 12 (94), paper no. 05. Available at: http://www.viam-works.ru (accessed: July 05, 2022). DOI: 10.18577/2307-6046-2020-0-12-47-58.
  16. Lee L., Rudov-Clark S., Mouritz A. et al. Effect of weaving damage on the tensile properties of three-dimensional woven composites. Composite Structures, 2002, no. 57, pp. 405–413. DOI: 10.1016/s0263-8223(02)00108-3.
  17. Lee B., Leong K.H., Herszberg I. Effect of Weaving on the Tensile Properties of Carbon Fibre Tows and Woven Composites. Journal of Reinforced Plastics and Composites, 2001, no. 20 (8), pp. 652–670. DOI: 10.1177/073168401772679011.
  18. Cox B.N., Carter W.C., Fleck N.A. A Binary Model of Textile Composites – I. Formulation. Acta Metallurgica et Materialia, 1994, no. 42, pp. 3463–3479.
  19. Callus P.J., Mouritz A.P., Bannister M.K., Leong K.H. Tensile properties and failure mechanisms of 3D woven GRP composites. Composites, 1999, no. 30A, pp. 1277–1287.
  20. Kuo W.-S., Ko T.-H. Compressive damage in 3-axis orthogonal fabric composites. Composites, 2000, no. 31A, pp. 1091–1105.
  21. Leong K.H., Lee B., Herszberg I., Bannister M.K. The effect of binder path on the tensile properties and failure of multilayer woven CFRP composites. Composites Science and Technology, 2000, no. 60, pp. 149–156.
  22. Gerlach R., Siviour C.R., Wiegand J., Petrinic N. In-plane and through-thickness properties, failure modes, damage and delamination in 3D woven carbon fibre composites subjected to impact loading. Composites Science and Technology, 2012, no. 72, pp. 397–411. DOI: 10.1016/j.compscitech.2011.11.032.
  23. Ding Y.Q., Yan Y., McIlhagger R., Brown D. Comparison of the fatigue behavior of 2D- and 3D- woven fabric reinforced composites. Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 1995, no. 55, pp. 171–177. DOI: 10.1016/0924-0136(95)01950-2.
  24. Guess T.R., Reedy E.D. Jr. Comparison of Interlocked Fabric and Laminated Fabric Kevlar 49/Epoxy Composites. Journal of Composites Technology & Research, 1985, no. 7, pp. 136–142.
  25. Arendts F.J., Drechler K., Brandt J. Advanced textile structural composites – status and outlook. Proc. of the Int. Conf. on Advanced Composite Materials. Wollongong, 1993, pp. 409–416.
  26. Brandt J., Drechsler K., Arendts F.-J. Mechanical performance of composites based on various three-dimensional woven-fibre preforms. Composites Science and Technology, 1996, no. 56, pp. 381–386. DOI: 10.1016/0266-3538(95)00135-2.
  27. Lomov S.V., Bogdanovich A.E., Ivanov D.S. et al. A comparative study of tensile properties of non-crimp 3D orthogonal weave and multi-layer plain weave E-glass composites. Part 1: Materials, methods and principal results. Composites. Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing, 2009, no. 40, pp. 1134–1143. DOI: 10.1016/j.compositesa.2009.03.012.
  28. Cox B.N., Flanagan G. Handbook of Analytical Methods for Textile Composites. Rockwell Science Center, 1996, 161 p.
  29. Lee C., Liu D. Tensile strength of stitching joint in woven glass fabrics. Journal of Engineering Materials and Technology, 1990, no. 112, pp. 125–130.
  30. Farley G.L., Dickinson L.C. Removal of surface loop from stitched composites can improve compression and compression-after-impact strengths. Journal of Reinforced Plastics and Composites, 1992, no. 11, p. 633.
  31. Pankow M., Waas A.M., Yen C.-F. Modeling the response of 3D textile composites under compressive loads to predict compressive strength. Computers, Materials and Continua, 2012, no. 32, pp. 81–106.
  32. Siyuan Y., Xiuhua C. Tension-compression fatigue behavior of 3D woven composites. IOP Conference. Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 2018, no. 388, pp. 1–6. DOI: 10.1088/1757-899x/388/1/012016.
  33. Yakovlev N.O., Gulyaev A.I., Lashov O.A. Crack firmness of layered polymeric composite materials (review). Trudy VIAM, 2016, no. 4, paper no. 12. Available at: http://www.viam-works.ru (accessed: August 26, 2022) DOI: 10.185772307-6046-2016-0-4-12-12. (дата обращения: 26.08.2022). DOI: 10.18577/2307-6046-2016-0-4-12-12.
  34. Grinevich D.V., Yakovlev N.O., Slavin A.V., Lashov O.A. Peculiarities of modeling the delamination of polymer composite materials during separation. Deformatsiya i razrusheniye materialov, 2022, no. 1, pp. 2–10. DOI: 10.31044/1814-4632-2022-1-2-10.
  35. Shershak P.V. National standardization specifics of polymer composites materials tests methods. Trudy VIAM, 2019, no. 2 (74), paper no. 08. Available at: http://www.viam-works.ru (accessed: August 26, 2022). DOI: 10.18577/2307-6046-2019-0-2-77-88.
  36. Wong R. Sandwich construction in the Starship. Proceedings of the 37th international SAMPE symposium and exhibition, 1992, pp. 186–197.
  37. Mouritz A.P., Bannister M.K., Falzon P.J., Leong K.H. Review of applications for advanced three-dimensional fibre textile composites. Composites. Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing, 1999, vol. 30, no. 12, pp. 1445–1461. DOI: 10.1016/S1359-835X(99)00034-2.
  38. Byun J.-H., Gillespie J.W., Chou T.-W. Mode I delamination of a three-dimensional fabric composite. Delamination in Advanced Composites, 1989, no. 1, pp. 457–478.
  39. Guenon V.A., Chou T.-W., Gillespie J.W. Toughness properties of a three-dimensional carbon-epoxy composite. Journal of Materials Science, 1989, no. 24, pp. 4168–4175.
  40. Stegschuster G., Pingkarawat K., Wendland B., Mouritz A.P. Experimental determination of the mode I delamination fracture and fatigue properties of thin 3D woven composites. Composites. Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing, 2016, no. 84, pp. 308–315. DOI: 10.1016/j.compositesa.2016.02.008.
  41. Fishpool D.T., Rezai A., Baker D. et al. Interlaminar toughness characterisation of 3D woven carbon fibre composites. Plastics, Rubber and Composites, 2013, no. 42, pp. 108–114. DOI: 10.1179/1743289812Y.0000000036.
  42. Ladani R.B., Nguyen A.T.T., Wang C.H., Mouritz A.P. Mode II interlaminar delamination resistance and healing performance of 3D composites with hybrid z-fibre reinforcement. Composites. Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing, 2019, no. 120, pp. 21–32. DOI: 10.1016/j.compositesa.2019.02.010.
  43. Rudov-Clark S., Mouritz A.P. Tensile fatigue properties of a 3D orthogonal woven composite. Composites. Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing, 2008, no. 39, pp. 1018–1024. DOI: 10.1016/j.compositesa.2008.03.001.
  44. Pankow M., Waas A.M., Yen C.F., Ghiorse S. Resistance to delamination of 3D woven textile composites evaluated using End Notch Flexure (ENF) tests: Cohesive zone based computational results. Composites. Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing, 2011, vol. 42, no. 12, pp. 1863–1872.
  45. Chou S., Wu C.-J. A study of the physical-properties of epoxy-resin composites reinforced with knitted glass-fiber fabrics. Journal of Reinforced Plastics and Composites, 1992, no. 11, pp. 1239–1250.
  46. Walter T.R., Subhash G., Sankar B.V., Yen C.F. Monotonic and cyclic short beam shear response of 3D woven composites. Composites Science and Technology, 2010, no. 70, pp. 2190–2197. DOI: 10.1016/j.compscitech.2010.08.022.
  47. Kashif M., Hamdani S.T., Zubair M., Nawab Y. Effect of interlocking pattern on short beam strength of 3D woven composites. Journal of Composite Materials, 2019, vol. 53, no. 20, pp. 2789–2799. DOI: 10.1177/0021998319839441.
  48. Zhang D., Liu X., Gu Y. et al. Effects of off-axis angle on shear progressive damage of 3D woven composites with X-ray micro-computed tomography. Composites. Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing, 2019, vol. 53, no. 20, pp. 2789–2799. DOI: 10.1016/j.compositesa.2018.10.007.
  49. Zhang D., Liu X., Gu Y. et al. Effects of off-axis angle on shear progressive damage of 3D woven composites with X-ray micro-computed tomography. Composites. Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing, 2018, no. 115, pp. 311–320. DOI: 10.1016/j.compositesa.2018.10.007.
  50. Wu X.C., Shan Z.D., Liu F., Wang Y. The Effect of Guide Sleeves on Shear Behavior of 3D Weaving Composites. Applied Mechanics and Materials, 2014, no. 597, pp. 89–94. DOI: 10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.597.89.
  51. Saleh M.N., Soutis C. Recent advancements in mechanical characterisation of 3D woven composites. Mechanics of Advanced Materials and Modern Processes, 2017, no. 3, pp. 1–17. DOI: 10.1186/s40759-017-0027-z.
  52. Billaut F., Roussel O. Impact resistance of 3-D graphite/epoxy composites. Proceedings of the 11 International Conference on Composite Materials. Woodhead Publishing Ltd, 1995, vol. 5, pp. 551–558.
  53. Herrick J.W., Globus R. Impact resistance multidimensional composites. Proceedings of the 12 National SAMPE Technical Conference. Seattle, 1980, pp. 845–856.
  54. Reedy E.D., Guess T.R. Additional comparisons of interlocked fabric and laminated fabric Kevlar 49/epoxy composites. Journal of Composites Technology and Research, 1986, no. 8, pp. 163–168.
  55. Susuki I., Takatoya T. Impact damage properties of 3-D carbonhismaleimide composites. Proceedings of the 5 Japan Int. SAMPE Symposium. Tokyo, 28–31 Oct. 1997, pp. 691–696.
  56. James B., Howlett S. Enhancement of post impact structural integrity of GFRP composite by through-thickness reinforcement. Proceedings of the 2nd European Fighting Vehicle Symposium. Shrivenham, 1997, pp. 543–571.
  57. Ballistic resistant article comprising a three-dimensional interlocking woven fabric: pat. US 5,456,974; filed 28.02.94; publ. 10.10.95.
  58. Walter T.R., Subhash G., Sankar B.V., Yen C.F. Damage modes in 3D glass fiber epoxy woven composites under high rate of impact loading. Composites. Part B: Engineering, 2009, no. 40, pp. 584–589. DOI: 10.1016/j.compositesb.2009.04.021.
  59. Pankow M., Waas A.M., Yen C.-F. Modeling the response of 3D textile composites under compressive loads to predict compressive strength. Computers, Materials and Continua, 2012, no. 32, pp. 81–106.
  60. Voss S., Fahmy A., West H. Impact tolerance of laminated and 3 dimensionally reinforced graphite-epoxy panels. Proceedings of the International Conference on Advanced Composite Materials, Wollongong, 1993, pp. 591–596.
  61. Hart K.R., Chia P.X.L., Sheridan L.E., Wetzel E.D., Sottos N.R., White S.R. Comparison of Compression-After-Impact and Flexure-After-Impact protocols for 2D and 3D woven fiber-reinforced composites. Composites. Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing, 2017, no. 101, pp. 471–479. DOI: 10.1016/j.compositesa.2017.07.005.
  62. Jin L., Niu Z., Jin B.C. et al. Comparisons of static bending and fatigue damage between 3D angle-interlock and 3D orthogonal woven composites. Journal of Reinforced Plastics and Composites, 2012, no. 31, pp. 935–945. DOI: 10.1177/0731684412450626.
  63. Yu B., Bradley R.S., Soutis C. et al. 2D and 3D imaging of fatigue failure mechanisms of 3D woven composites. Composites. Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing, 2015, vol. 77, pp. 37–49.
  64. Ruggles-Wrenn M.B., Alnatifat S.A. Fully-reversed tension-compression fatigue of 2D and 3D woven polymer matrix composites at elevated temperature. Polymer Testing, 2021, no. 97, art. 107179. DOI: 10.1016/j.polymertesting.2021.107179.
  65. Ma Z., Zhang P., Zhu J. Review on the fatigue properties of 3D woven fiber/epoxy composites: testing and modelling strategies. Journal of Industrial Textiles, 2020, no. 51, pp. 7755–7795. DOI: 10.1177/1528083720949277.
  66. Linke M., Greb C., Klingele J. et al. Automating textile preforming technology for mass production of fibre-reinforced polymer (FRP) composites. The Global Textile and Clothing Industry. Ed. R. Shishoo. Cambridge: Woodhead Publishing Ltd, 2012, pp. 171–195. DOI: 10.1533/9780857095626.171.
  67. Novello E. Thermomechanical and microscopy Investigation of fatigue damage Development in a 3d e-glass/epoxy woven composite: PhD thesis. Università Degli Studi Di Padova, 2010, 208 p. Available at: https://thesis.unipd.it/bitstream/20.500.12608/19185/1/master_thesis_Novello.pdf (accessed: August 25, 2022).
  68. El-Dessouky H.M., Saleh M.N., Wang Y., Alotaibi M.S. Effect of Unit-Cell Size on the Barely Visible Impact Damage in Woven Composites. Applied Sciences, 2021, no. 11, art. 2364. DOI: 10.3390/app11052364.
  69. Lomov S.V., Truong Chi T., Verpoest I. Mechanical properties of non-crimp fabric (NCF) based composites: stiffness and strength. Non-Crimp Fabric Composites. Ed. S.V. Lomov. Amsterdam: Elsevier Science, 2011, pp. 263–288. DOI: 10.1533/9780857092533.3.263.
  70. Carvelli V., Gramellini G., Lomov S.V. et al. Fatigue behavior of non-crimp 3D orthogonal weave and multi-layer plain weave E-glass reinforced composites. Composites Science and Technology, 2010, no. 70, pp. 2068–2076. DOI: 10.1016/j.compscitech.2010.08.002.
  71. Saleh M.N., El-Dessouky H.M., Saeedifar M. et al. Compression After Multiple Low Velocity Impacts of NCF, 2D and 3D Woven Composites. Composites. Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing, 2019, vol. 125, art. 105576. DOI: 10.1016/j.compositesa.2019.105576.